| No. of studies | Pooled estimate | Tests of heterogeneity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | RR | 95% CI | P value | I2(%) | |
All studies | 11 | 0.90 | 0.82- 0.98 | 0.204 | 25.2 |
Study design | |||||
Cohort | 5 | 1.00 | 0.85-1.11 | 0.897 | 0.0 |
Case–control | 6 | 0.84 | 0.75-0.94 | 0.091 | 47.4 |
Study location | |||||
Europe | 4 | 0.88 | 0.79-0.99 | 0.656 | 0.0 |
North America | 4 | 0.88 | 0.77-1.02 | 0.043 | 63.2 |
Asia | 2 | 0.84 | 0.53-1.34 | 0.217 | 34.5 |
Australia | 1 | 1.16 | 0.81-1.67 | / | / |
Data source | |||||
Hospital-based | 4 | 0.82 | 0.72-0.94 | 0.119 | 48.8 |
Population-based | 7 | 0.95 | 0.85-1.07 | 0.577 | 0.0 |