Fig. 3

HMGB1 upregulation inhibits α-synuclein accumulation and ameliorates the α-synuclein-inhibited autophagy in PC12 (Syn^wt) and PC12 (Syn^mt) cells. a: Western blot analysis of HMGB1 and α-synuclein in PC12 (Syn^wt) and PC12 (Syn^mt) cells, which were transfected with HMGB1-pcDNA3.1(+) or RFP-pcDNA3.1(+) plasmid for 12 or 24 hours; b and c: Ratio of HMGB1 to β-actin in PC12 (Syn^wt) and PC12 (Syn^mt) cells with or without HMGB1 promoted; d and e: Ratio of α-synuclein to β-actin in PC12 (Syn^wt) and PC12 (Syn^mt) cells, with or without HMGB1 promoted; f and g: Imaging (f) and counting (g) of EGFP-positive autophagic vesicles in the cytosol of starvation-treated PC12 (Syn^wt) or PC12 (Syn^mt), with or without HMGB1 promoted. Each result was averaged for triple independent experiments. Statistical significance was presented as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, ns: no significance