Fig. 3

HPV DNA detection using in situ hybridization (× 400). a Small cell carcinoma illustrated punctate staining pattern with one navy-blue puncta signal in the nuclei. b Multiple small puncta inside the nuclei of small cell carcinoma represents low viral copy number of HPV DNA. c Diffuse small particles were observed in the nuclei of small cell carcinoma. d Squamous cell carcinoma displayed punctuate signal patterns. e Squamous cell carcinoma illustrated episomal staining pattern. f Tumor cells of adenocarcinoma positive with one navy-blue puncta