Table 1 Summary of AI-based diagnostic algorithms in breast cancer pathology
From: Artificial intelligence’s impact on breast cancer pathology: a literature review
Year of publication | Reference | Number of slides for training / validation | Pathologists review (training/validation) | Algorithm details | Algorithm endpoints/outputs | Algorithm performance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | Yamamoto et al [14] | 11661 myoepithelial cells in 22 cases | Three pathologists | Staining > Ilastik > CellProfiler > support vector machines (SVM) | Types of breast tumors, Myoepithelial cells morphology and precise nuclear features | Accuracy 90.9% |
2018 | Steiner et al [15] | Training: 60-80 Validation:70 | Six pathologists | LYNA, inception V3 | lymph nodes metastasis detection | Sensitivity (91% vs. 83%, P = 0.02) |
2018 | Cruz-Roa et a [11] | Training: 349 Validation: 52 Testing: 195 | Three expert pathologists | HASHI (High-throughput adaptive sampling for whole-slide histopathology image analysis) | invasive breast cancer detection | Dice coefficient of 76% |
2018 | Fondón et al [16] | Training: 30 Validation: 70 Testing: 150 + images with artefacts included | Pathologists | SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifier with a quadratic kernel | Breast carcinoma classification on biopsies | accuracy levels ranging from 61.11% to 75.8% |
2022 | El Agouri et al [17] | 328 digital slides from 116 surgical breast specimens | One pathologist, two qualified consultant breast pathologists | CNN, (Resnet50 and Xception) | Breast cancer detection/ diagnosis | accuracy (88%), and sensitivity (95%) |
2023 | Wang et al [4] | 400 WSIs Training: 270 Test: 129 | N/A | dual magnification mining network (Two stream network) (SL-Net and PH-Net) | lymph nodes metastasis localization | 0.871 FROC score with dual magnification mining network and 0.88 FROC score with high magnification network |
2023 | Challa et al [18] | a validation cohort with 234 SLNs and a consensus cohort with 102 SLNs) | Three pathologists | Visiopharm Integrator System (VIS) metastasis AI algorithm | Diagnosis of lymph node metastasis | sensitivity of 100% |