Fig. 1

Representative images of atypical and malignant cells. a Atypical cells. Some cells exhibit indistinct cytoplasmic borders and an increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio; histological assessment of the patient revealed LGUC. b Atypical cells. The cells have hyperchromatic nuclei, irregular nuclear membrane, and a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio; histological assessment of the patient revealed HGUC. c-d Malignant cells. A single cell and cell cluster, respectively; histological assessment of the patient revealed HGUC (Papanicolaou stain, original magnification 400×). LGUC, low-grade urothelial carcinoma; HGUC, high-grade urothelial carcinoma