Mature cystic teratomas may consist of a wide variety of ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal tissues, and hence the possibility of additional neoplasms occurring in teratomas, though rare, can at least be anticipated. It is not surprising that squamous cell carcinoma leads the list of secondary neoplasms arising in teratomas, because many mature cystic teratomas contain large amounts of squamous epithelium [1–3]. In second place among secondary neoplasms in mature cystic teratomas, carcinoid tumor and adenocarcinoma are said to be of equal frequency, but the former is reported to be increasing in frequency [1–3]. Hence, adenocarcinoma or carcinoid tumor arising from mature cystic teratoma of kidney is an uncommon occurrence [9–11, 15–17, 20, 41]. The simultaneous occurrence of mature cystic teratoma and adenocarcinoma in the same kidney is rare [41], and so is the simultaneous occurrence of mature cystic teratoma and carcinoid tumor in the same kidney [9–11, 15–17, 20]. Similarly, the simultaneous occurrence of carcinoid tumor and adenocarcinoma in the same kidney is rare. To the best of our knowledge, the synchronous presentation in the same kidney of these three neoplasms (mature cystic teratoma, carcinoid tumor and adenocarcinoma) has never been reported in the world medical literature. We have presented a unique and first case of a 50-year-old female with both carcinoid tumor and adenocarcinoma simultaneously arising within mature cystic teratoma of horseshoe kidney. We discuss below the extreme rarity of this combination of three primary tumors in the kidney and the probable common histogenesis of these three synchronous neoplasms in horseshoe kidney.
Carcinoid tumors are characteristically low grade malignant tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation that have been described in several locations, including the gastrointestinal, respiratory, hepatobiliary, and genitourinary systems. Carcinoid tumors most commonly occur in the gastrointestinal tract (74%) and bronchial system of the lungs (25%) [5, 7, 18, 19, 21, 24, 33, 42, 43]. In less than 1% of cases these tumors have been reported in the genitourinary system. Carcinoid tumors arising in the genitourinary system are rare, but have been reported in the ovary, testes, kidney and prostate [3, 5, 7, 18, 19, 21, 24, 33, 42, 43]. Primary renal carcinoid tumor is the second most prevalent genitourinary carcinoid tumor in each sex, following testicular carcinoids in males and ovarian carcinoids in females [5, 7, 18, 19, 21, 24, 33, 42, 43]. Primary renal carcinoid tumors are among the most unusual of all renal neoplasms, since neuroendocrine cells are not found within normal renal parenchyma. Primary renal carcinoid tumors have been reported in the literature primarily as case reports (as in the case herein presented), with the three largest series to date consisting of 5 [5], 6 [21], and 21 [7] patients. Primary carcinoid tumor of the kidney was first described by Resnick et al. in 1966 [4], and since then fewer than 100 cases of primary renal carcinoid tumor have appeared in the international medical literature [5–40]. Primary renal carcinoid tumors have been reported to arise most commonly in the setting of acquired and congenital renal abnormalities (as in the case herein presented), such as horseshoe kidney (18–26%) [7, 8, 12–14, 18, 20, 21, 38], renal teratoma or teratoid malformation (15%) [9–11, 15–17, 20], and polycystic kidney disease (2%) [40]. The age range for reported cases of primary renal carcinoid tumor is 12 to 78 years, but most patients present in the fourth to seventh decades of life and there is no gender predilection [5–40]. A recent review of 56 primary renal carcinoid tumors reported in the literature up to December 2005 by Romero et al. [18] observed that the median patient age was 49 years. Romero et al. [18] further reported that horseshoe kidneys were present in 17.8% of patients (as in the case herein presented), incidental diagnosis was made in 28.6% of patients (as in the case herein presented), and metastases were present in 45.6% of patients at initial diagnosis. They also observed that the significant adverse prognostic factors include age greater than 40 years, tumor size greater than 4 cm, purely solid tumors on cut surface, mitotic rate higher than 1 per 10 high power fields, metastasis at initial diagnosis and tumors extending through the renal capsule [18]. The largest series of primary renal carcinoid tumors reported to date consisting of 21 patients by Hansel et al. [7] observed that the mean patient age was 52 years. As in the case herein presented, Hansel et al. [7] further reported that horseshoe kidneys were present in 19% of patients, and calcifications were present in 23.8% of cases of primary renal carcinoid tumor. They concluded that primary renal carcinoid tumor was morphologically and immunohistochemically similar to carcinoid tumors present at other anatomic sites, and that patients frequently presented with regional lymph node metastases and may progress to distant organ metastases, but usually have a prolonged clinical course despite widely metastatic disease [7]. Complete surgical resection is the main treatment modality for primary renal carcinoid tumors and can be curative for localized disease (as in the case herein presented), and long-term follow-up of patients is recommended since metastases have occurred as late as seven years after the primary diagnosis [7, 18, 21].
Primary carcinoid tumors of the kidney are rare [5–40], and primary carcinoid tumor arising within horseshoe kidneys [7, 8, 12–14, 18, 20, 21, 38] and mature teratomas of the kidney [9–11, 15–17, 20] are even rarer. Less than 100 cases of carcinoid tumor of the kidney have been reported in the international medical literature [5–40], including 18 cases arising in horseshoe kidneys [7, 8, 12–14, 18, 20, 21, 38] and seven cases arising within mature cystic teratomas [9–11, 15–17, 20]. A recent review by Armah and Parwani [20] identified that only seven cases of primary carcinoid tumor arising in mature cystic teratoma of kidney have been reported in the world medical literature to date [9–11, 15–17, 20], since the association was first described in 1976 by Kojiro et al [9]. Primary carcinoid tumor arising in a mature teratoma of the kidney is over-represented in patients with congenital developmental renal defects such as horseshoe kidney, with one out of the seven cases (15%) of primary carcinoid tumor arising in mature cystic teratoma occurring in a horseshoe kidney [9–11, 15–17, 20]. Epidemiologically, primary carcinoid tumor arising within mature cystic teratoma of the kidney occurred predominantly in the fourth to seventh decades of life (mean age of 41.4 years), except one case occurring at age 23, and showed no sex predilection [20]. An incidental diagnosis was made in 28.6% of cases, and clinically apparent carcinoid syndrome was absent in all the seven reviewed cases of primary carcinoid tumor arising within mature cystic teratoma of the kidney [20] (as in the case herein presented), likely reflecting their hindgut origin [13, 22, 39] and the breakdown of their secreted biologically active hormones in the liver before reaching the systemic arterial circulation. Armah and Parwani further observed that primary carcinoid tumor arising within mature cystic teratoma of the kidney were morphologically similar to carcinoid tumors present in normal kidneys and at other anatomic sites, and that surgery was curative with no additional treatment required, and no local recurrences and metastases occurred in all seven cases reviewed [20], as in the case herein presented. Immunohistochemically, synaptophysin, chromogranin and neuron specific enolase were the most valuable markers for the diagnosis of primary carcinoid tumor arising within mature teratoma of the kidney [7, 18, 20, 21], as in the case herein presented. Despite the absence of long term follow-up data for some of the seven cases reviewed, the biologic behavior and prognosis of primary carcinoid tumor arising within mature teratoma of the kidney appeared excellent [20], as in the case herein presented. Recent studies comparing the prognosis of carcinoid tumors arising within teratomatous and normal kidneys have reported contradictory findings [8, 12, 18, 20, 33]. Four studies have reported better prognosis for carcinoid tumor arising within teratomatous kidneys compared to those arising within normal kidneys [8, 12, 20, 33]. However, a recent review of renal carcinoid tumors revealed that neither renal teratoma nor horseshoe kidneys derived carcinoid tumors were associated with a better prognosis than carcinoid tumors originating in normal kidneys [18]. Hence, although definitive conclusions cannot be drawn from such a small set of studies and patients without systematic long term 5-year follow-up, the ultimate biologic behavior of primary carcinoid tumor arising within mature teratoma of the kidney and horseshoe kidneys may be excellent, and may be better than that for carcinoid tumors arising in normal kidneys and non-renal locations [8, 12, 20, 33].
We were not able to find any reported case of simultaneous occurrence of mature cystic teratoma, carcinoid tumor and adenocarcinoma in the same kidney, in our literature search. We have herein described a case of coexistent mature cystic teratoma, carcinoid tumor and adenocarcinoma in a horseshoe kidney in a 50-year-old female. The age of the case herein presented is close to the mean and/or median age of both previously reported patients with carcinoid tumor arising within normal kidneys (49–52 years) [7, 18] and carcinoid tumor arising within teratomatous kidneys (41.4 years) [20]. The strong expression of three neuroendocrine markers (CD56, chromogranin and synaptophysin) and the absence of expression of two epithelial markers (CK7 and CK20), exclude the possibility of invasive urothelial carcinoma arising from the renal pelvis in the case herein presented. Most urothelial carcinomas have the immunoprofile of CK7+/CK20+ or CK7+/CK20- [44]. In contrast, most carcinoid tumors arising from the digestive tract or of hindgut origin have the pattern CK7-/CK20- [44, 45], as in the case herein presented. Therefore, it is most likely that the carcinoid tumor in the present case arose outside the urothelial epithelium of the renal pelvis.
Carcinoid tumors are thought to arise from enterochromaffin cells or amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells, and are widely distributed throughout the body. In the urogenital tract, APUD cells have been described in the urinary bladder (especially in the neck and trigone), the urethra, the prostate, and the renal pelvis, but not in the renal parenchyma [19, 33, 42, 43, 46, 47]. In contrast, paraganglionic tissue is present in fetal or adult renal hilum [47–49]. Although primary renal carcinoid tumors, as in the case herein presented, exhibit morphologic and immunohistochemical features consistent with a hindgut neuroendocrine phenotype [13, 22, 39], the precise histogenesis of renal carcinoid tumors is uncertain and is a matter for continuing speculation. Multiple published reports support the notion that renal carcinoid tumors are derived from interspersed neuroendocrine cells associated with acquired and congenital renal abnormalities such as teratomas [9–11, 15–17, 20] and horseshoe kidneys [7, 8, 12–14, 18, 20, 21, 38]. Carcinoid tumors occurring in renal teratomas are thought to be derived from neuroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelium, which are components of these teratomatous lesions [15]. Two main hypotheses have been proposed for the coexistence of congenital and acquired renal abnormalities (such as horseshoe kidney and mature cystic teratoma) and secondary malignancies (such as carcinoid tumor and adenocarcinoma in the case herein presented) in the kidney. The most popular hypothesis, the totipotent cell hypothesis, states that primary renal carcinoid tumor arise from totipotential primitive stem cells capable of neuroendocrine, mesenchymal and epithelial differentiation [5, 7, 10, 15, 18, 20, 21, 24, 34, 37]. Although conclusive evidence for this theory is lacking at present, one renal carcinoid tumor has been shown to share some genetic aberrations with renal cell carcinomas, indicating a common genetic event in the tumorigenesis for these two entities [34]. Furthermore, this hypothesis of derivation from a multipotent stem cell is most consistent with the occurrence of neuroendocrine tumor in conjunction with epithelial malignancies, which might express markers of both components, as in the case herein presented.
The less popular hypothesis states that the coexistence of carcinoid tumors (and other secondary malignancies such as adenocarcinoma in the case herein presented) with congenital and acquired renal abnormalities (such as horseshoe kidney and mature cystic teratoma) are due to hyperplasia of interspersed neuroendocrine cells within metaplastic or teratomatous epithelium in horseshoe kidneys; or nests of misplaced progenitor cells developing into teratomatous intestinal or respiratory epithelia in renal teratomas, might serve as a nidus for renal carcinoid tumors and adenocarcinoma. Cases of renal carcinoid tumor arising in association with renal teratoma and/or horseshoe kidneys lend weight to this hypothesis [5, 7, 10, 15, 18, 20, 21, 24, 34, 37]. The relative risk of renal carcinoid tumors in patients with horseshoe kidneys has been calculated at between 62 and 85 [12, 13]. Horseshoe kidneys have been proposed to be the result of teratogenic factors, which may also account for the increased risk of malignant tumors in horseshoe kidneys [11–13]. The high association of carcinoid tumors with horseshoe kidneys is likely due to predisposing embryological factors or teratogenic events involving the abnormal migration of posterior nephrogenic cells in utero, which coalesce to form the isthmus of horseshoe kidneys [12]. Additionally, this hypothesis is supported by the common occurrence of renal carcinoid tumors in the isthmus of teratomatous [9–12, 15–17, 20] and horseshoe kidneys [7, 8, 12–14, 18, 20, 21, 38], as in the case herein presented with an additional adenocarcinoma. Applying this hypothesis to the case herein presented, the carcinoid tumor and adenocarcinoma would represent secondary tumors derived from foci of neuroendocrine and epithelial differentiation in the mature cystic teratoma of the horseshoe kidney. This hypothesis suggests that renal carcinoid tumors bearing no relationship to congenital and acquired renal abnormalities might arise directly from neuroendocrine cells situated in the renal pelvic urothelium [19, 33, 42, 43, 46, 47]. From the above discussion, the direct supporting experimental and clinical evidence for these two hypotheses of histogenesis for multiple malignancies arising within teratomatous and horseshoe kidneys is inconclusive, and the exact mechanism is not well understood. As with all malignancies, the pathway for carcinogenesis is likely to be complex and multifactorial. Further studies would be required in order to elucidate the precise histogenesis for multiple secondary neoplasms arising within teratomatous and horseshoe kidneys.
