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Adrenal gland inclusions in patients treated with aldosterone antagonists (Spironolactone/Eplerenone): incidence, morphology, and ultrastructural findings
Diagnostic Pathology volumeĀ 9, ArticleĀ number:Ā 147 (2014)
Abstract
Background
Spironolactone is often used to treat hypertension caused by hyperaldosteronism, and as a result, can form concentrically laminated electron dense spironolactone body inclusions within the adrenal gland. Spironolactone bodies have not been investigated in a contemporary cohort or in patients treated with the more recently approved aldosterone antagonist, eplerenone.
Methods
Spironolactone bodies were retrospectively investigated in patients treated for hyperaldosteronism (nā=ā15) from 2012-2013 that underwent a subsequent adrenalectomy.
Results
Inclusions were identified in 33% of patients treated with aldosterone antagonists, far less than previously reported. Remarkably, 50% of patients treated with spironolactone had inclusions while no patients using eplerenone alone had inclusions. Two patients treated with spironolactone had bodies present longer than the duration described in prior studies. Inclusions unexpectedly persisted in 1 patient despite increased duration of discontinued pharmacological treatment. A spectrum of histologic and ultrastructural findings were encountered within an adrenal cortical adenoma from a patient treated with both spironolactone and eplerenone. Ultrastructural examination revealed laminated electron dense bodies with the appearance of classic spironolactone inclusions as well as electron dense bodies without laminations and laminated bodies without electron dense cores.
Conclusions
Our incidence rate of spironolactone bodies was much lower than previously reported, with no inclusions seen in patients treated solely with the newer aldosterone antagonist, eplerenone. Pathologists should be aware of these infrequently encountered inclusions, particularly as the clinical history of hyperaldosteronism and pharmacologic treatment may not be provided.
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Background
A common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism is an aldosterone-producing adenoma, which is initially treated with aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone. As spironolactone treatment may cause limiting side effects, namely menstrual irregularities in women and impotence, decreased libido, and gynecomastia in men, eplerenone, a more recently developed drug may be used. Adrenalectomy is performed if the drugs prove ineffective. Spironolactone body formation has been well documented and occurs within the adrenal gland secondary to spironolactone treatment [1]. The composition of these bodies is purported to be a high content of Luxol fast blue staining phospholipid and aldosterone in the outer concentric laminations [2ā4].
We investigated the incidence of spironolactone bodies within a recent cohort of patients treated with aldosterone antagonists, including both spironolactone and eplerenone, with a lower frequency identified than in earlier studies. Inclusion bodies were detected with extended use of spironolactone and with longer periods of discontinued use, which has not been previously reported. Additionally, we describe the spectrum of histological and ultrastructural findings in an aldosterone-producing adenoma from a patient treated with both spironolactone and eplerenone. The ultrastructural features included bodies with spiral and non-spiral membranes and bodies without membranes.
Methods
A retrospective search was performed to identify patients treated with an adrenalectomy during a 2 year time period (January 2012-December 2013) at our hospital with a clinical history of hyperaldosteronism conducted in compliance with our Institutional Review Board (The Ohio State University Medical Center; Protocol #2002H0089) and in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration. Aldosterone antagonist treatment regimens were recorded. All slides were reviewed using light microscopy to evaluate for the presence of inclusions.
One patient with unusual inclusions was further investigated with immunohistochemical, special stains, and ultrastructural examination (patient 1, described below). Transmission electron microscopic examination was performed for this patient using formalin-fixed tissue. Formalin-fixed tissue was postfixed in glutaraldehyde (1Ā hour) followed by aqueous osmium tetroxide (1Ā hour) and uranyl acetate-lead citrate (1Ā hour). A second patient with classic inclusions was further investigated with ultrastructural examination using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (patient 2, described below). A representative area of the tumor was cut from the paraffin block. The tissue was deparaffinized in 1% aqueous osmium tetroxide dissolved in toluene (4Ā hours). Epoxy resin infiltration was performed and the resin was polymerized to make electron microscopic blocks. Blocks were thin sectioned and examined with a JEOL JEM 1400 transmission electron microscope.
Results
Fifteen patients were identified that had an adrenalectomy for serologically proven hyperaldosteronism. Six patients were treated with spironolactone alone, 5 were treated with eplerenone alone, 1 was treated with both spironolactone and eplerenone, and 3 did not receive pharmacologic therapy (TableĀ 1). Inclusions were histologically identified in 4 out of the 12 treated (33.3%) and none of the untreated patients. The single patient with a history of both spironolactone and eplerenone treatment had unusual inclusions (patient 1). In the spironolactone-only subgroup, 50% had inclusions (patients 2-4). No patients using eplerenone alone had inclusions. Patient 1 discontinued spironolactone more than 4Ā months before surgery and was switched to eplerenone, which was discontinued for more than 21Ā days before surgery. Despite being off both medications for more than 3Ā weeks, inclusions were found. Two of 3 patients given spironolactone alone for over 100Ā days had bodies, and 2 of these patients treated for over 270Ā days had focal or diffuse bodies (patient 2 and 3).
Patient 1
A 39Ā year-old male with known high aldosterone presented with complaint of abdominal pain. CT scan showed a 1.7Ā cm left adrenal lesion and a separate left lower pole kidney mass. Robotic partial nephrectomy resected a papillary type 1 renal cell carcinoma. Post-operative follow-up found continuing levels of high aldosterone and the patient was started on spironolactone (dose not documented). The patient continued to have high levels of aldosterone at 6Ā weeks and was switched to eplerenone 50Ā mg/day. Failure to lower aldosterone levels called for adrenal vein sampling, which confirmed the left adrenal nodule as the source of the hyperaldosteronism. Eplerenone dosage was increased to 50Ā mg twice a day after 3Ā weeks, then 50Ā mg twice in the morning and once at night after an additional 3Ā weeks. The patient was taken off eplerenone and underwent a unilateral adrenalectomy, resulting in the resolution of the hyperaldosteronism.A 19.8Ā g, 7.5 Ć 3.8 Ć 1.8Ā cm left adrenal gland with attached adipose was serially sectioned to reveal a tan-yellow, rubbery cortical nodule measuring 1.9 Ć 1.6 Ć 1.5Ā cm (FigureĀ 1). The mass was homogenous with no areas of hemorrhage or necrosis, and did not involve the periadrenal fat. Light microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin stain stained slides demonstrated a well circumscribed, unencapsulated mass composed of nests of clear to eosinophilic adrenal cortical tumor cells interspersed with degenerating bland adrenal cortical cells (FigureĀ 2A). Numerous brightly eosinophilic inclusions of varying sizes (less than 2Ā Ī¼m to 50Ā Ī¼m) were present within the cytoplasm of the viable (FigureĀ 2B) and degenerative (FigureĀ 2C) adrenal cortical tumor cells. Most of the viable adrenal cortical tumor cells containing inclusions resembled zona reticularis, although rare cells with inclusions appeared similar to zona fasciculata. Inclusions varied from 0 per cell to greater than 20. In nontumoral adrenal tissue, inclusions were only present in the zona fasciculata directly adjacent to the tumor (FigureĀ 2D).Immunostains were performed in which the viable adrenal cortical tumor cells expressed AE1/3 (weak, diffuse), melan A (strong, diffuse), and inhibin (moderate, diffuse), but were nonreactive for PAX8, CAIX, CD68, and CD163. Degenerating cells were negative for CD68 and CD163. Special stains demonstrated that the inclusions were negative for Luxol fast blue performed with and without Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) counterstain and negative for Prussian blue. Inclusions were positive for PAS, with bright pink staining (FigureĀ 2E). A hemoglobin special stain was performed which variably stained the inclusions olive green, pale pink, and brick red (FigureĀ 2F).Ultrastructural examination using formalin-fixed tissue revealed that most classic viable adenoma cells did not contain dense inclusions. These cells had numerous organelles, including slightly swollen mitochondria and weakly electron dense lipid droplets (FigureĀ 3A). Some viable and degenerative adrenal cortical cells contained inclusions. The size of the bodies varied and multiple morphologies were seen in a single cell. There were some inclusions touching the nucleus while others were in proximity to mitochondrion or endoplasmic reticulum. The inclusions had variable electron density, which may be due to the varying amount of unsaturated lipids and/or degenerative change (FigureĀ 3B). A few inclusions looked like they may have originated from degenerated mitochondria due to possible remnant cristae and the presence of a membrane (FigureĀ 3C). However, most of the dense inclusions did not have such structure. Lipofuscin granules were seen admixed with the dense inclusions. There were several inclusions that resembled typical spironolactone bodies with a scroll-like membrane but without an electron dense core present (FigureĀ 3D). There were only a few bodies with both a scroll-like concentric membrane and an electron dense core (FigureĀ 3E).
Patient 2-4
Inclusions were histologically identified in an additional three patients. A 59Ā year-old female with a history of hypertension since age 25 was started on spironolactone 25Ā mg once a day for more than 9Ā months (patient 2). The adrenalectomy contained a 0.9Ā cm adrenal cortical adenoma. Large pale eosinophilic bodies with concentric rings were found single per cell throughout the tumor, with minimal variation in size (FigureĀ 2G). Ultrastructural examination was performed using paraffin-embedded tissue as no other tissue was available. Only inclusions with scroll-like membranes without electron dense cores were identified (FigureĀ 3F). A 56Ā year-old male with a history of poorly controlled hypertension and obesity was started on spironolactone 100Ā mg twice a day for more than 9Ā months (patient 3). The adrenalectomy resected a 2.8Ā cm adrenal cortical adenoma. Rare bodies were seen, appearing as large concentrically laminated inclusions, single per cell, only in focal areas of the tumor. A 61Ā year-old male with a history of hypertension for 15Ā years was started on spironolactone 50Ā mg once a day for more than 2Ā months (patient 4). Nodular cortical hyperplasia was diagnosed in the adrenalectomy. Histology revealed rare eosinophilic, large, and concentrically laminated bodies within the zona glomerulosa (FigureĀ 2H).
Discussion
We investigated spironolactone bodies of the adrenal gland within a recent 2Ā year period in patients with hyperaldosteronism. Spironolactone bodies occur in the adrenal gland secondary to spironolactone treatment [1] but have yet to be investigated in patients treated with eplerenone, a newer aldosterone antagonist.
The incidence of spironolactone bodies within the adrenal gland in contemporary patients taking spironolactone or eplerenone is unknown. In studies published between 1981 and 1985, inclusions were found within 74-100% of patients with primary hyperaldosteronism that were pharmacologically treated with spironolactone [3, 5ā7]. We detected inclusions in only 33% (4/12) of patients with primary hyperaldosteronism treated with spironolactone and/or eplerenone, much lower than prior studies. Remarkably, 50% of patients treated with spironolactone had inclusions while no patients using eplerenone alone had inclusions. It is possible that the release of eplerenone in 2002 and its subsequent preferred use due to less undesirable side effects have decreased the incidence of spironolactone-like bodies.
The spironolactone bodies in some of our patients persisted much longer than the duration for which spironolactone bodies are thought to occur. Spironolactone bodies decrease over time as spironolactone continues to be administered [6, 8]. Conn et al. found the number of spironolactone bodies peaked 4-6 weeks after the start of treatment after which there was a marked decrease, with a third of patients treated for 100-170 days having no detectable bodies [8]. These authors suggested that the existence of bodies gradually diminishes to zero by 170Ā days [8]. However, in our study, 67% of patients treated with spironolactone alone for over 100Ā days had bodies and 2 patients treated for over 270Ā days were found to have either diffuse or focal bodies. The effect of dosage on the persistence of bodies is unknown, but it is of note that in the report by Conn et al., patients with no inclusions received higher dosages of spironolactone [8]. Spironolactone bodies eventually disappear if medication is discontinued [6, 8]. Authors have shown that discontinuation of spironolactone 18-97 days before surgery results in no identifiable inclusion bodies [6, 8]. However, patient 1 in our study discontinued medications for more than 3Ā weeks and yet inclusions were found. Eplerenone administration may have resulted in these bodies occurring longer than expected.
The ultrastructural morphology of typical spironolactone bodies show scroll-like concentric laminations of membranes with an electron-dense core [1, 2, 5]. Inclusion bodies with unusual histologic features were identified in 1 of our patients and were subsequently examined ultrastructurally, showing a spectrum of findings. A few bodies resembling typical spironolactone bodies were present but there were also inclusions that had the same scroll-like appearance but did not have a visible electron dense core typical for fully-developed spironolactone bodies. Additionally identified were dense inclusions that did not have the concentric laminations or any membrane typical of spironolactone bodies. The specificity of spironolactone bodies for spironolactone treatment is under question. Several researchers have stated that these bodies appear exclusively in aldosterone-producing cells [8, 9]. Kovacs et. al concluded that spironolactone bodies are not exclusively due to spironolactone treatment based on the presence of similar āfingerprint-like bodiesā elsewhere in the adrenal cortex secondary to treatment with other drugs [2].
Spironolactone bodies have been histologically depicted in the literature as typically solitary eosinophilic bodies surrounded by a clearing within a single cell [10]. However, 1 of our specimens histologically contained numerous inclusions which ultrastructurally were composed of both typical spironolactone bodies and membrane-less electron-dense inclusions in individual cells. Mete and Asa described similar membrane-less electron-dense inclusions in a patient with an adrenal cortical adenoma [11]. Unlike our case, their patient was not treated with any aldosterone antagonist and did not have any typical spironolactone bodies in that the inclusions were not concentric or laminated [11]. The bodies that these authors found were multiple per cell and histologically appeared similar to those we identified. Of note, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue was used. Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue has been found by previous studies to be suboptimal for ultrastructural examination and in 1 of our patients only revealed scroll-like inclusions that lacked electron dense cores [12, 13].
The location in which spironolactone bodies are found is variable. Of our 3 patients that had an adrenal cortical adenoma with inclusions bodies, 2 had inclusions only in the tumor, while 1 had bodies predominately in the tumor but also in the non-neoplastic adrenal tissue adjacent to the tumor, mostly in the zona fasciculata and rarely in the zona glomerulosa. In 1 patient with nodular cortical hyperplasia and bodies, the inclusions were confined to the zona glomerulosa. Similar to our results, most authors have identified bodies in the tumor only, while others have found bodies in the tumor and adjacent tissue [3, 6, 11].
Typical spironolactone bodies are described to be Luxol fast blue positive and PAS negative [2, 3]. They are hypothesized to originate from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum [2, 3, 14]. The inclusion is thought to be rich in phospholipids due to Luxol fast blue staining [2, 3]. The concentric laminations have been demonstrated to contain aldosterone [4]. However, we found the bodies to be negative for Luxol fast blue and positive for PAS. Mete and Asa also reported similar Luxol fast blue negativity and PAS positivity [11]. Future studies are needed to further investigate the contents of these inclusions using more sophisticated techniques.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we found the incidence rate of spironolactone bodies to be far less than reported in the past, with no inclusions identified in cases in which only eplerenone was used. Bodies were present after their typical life-span and were seen after medication was discontinued for an extended period of time. Additionally, we describe histologically unusual inclusions with both classic and more uncommon ultrastructural findings of spironolactone bodies. Surgical pathologists should be aware of these infrequently encountered inclusions to prevent misinterpretation and unnecessary work-up.
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KAP collected data, analyzed data, performed a literature review, drafted the majority of the manuscript, and edited the manuscript. EPC analyzed the data, obtained images, drafted a portion of the manuscript, and edited the manuscript. TN analyzed the data, drafted a portion of the manuscript, and edited the manuscript. DLZ conceived the research idea, collected data, analyzed data, performed a literature review, obtained images, and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Patel, K.A., Calomeni, E.P., Nadasdy, T. et al. Adrenal gland inclusions in patients treated with aldosterone antagonists (Spironolactone/Eplerenone): incidence, morphology, and ultrastructural findings. Diagn Pathol 9, 147 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1596-9-147
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1596-9-147