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Concomitant novel ALK-SSH2, EML4-ALK and ARID2-ALK, EML4-ALK double-fusion variants and confer sensitivity to crizotinib in two lung adenocarcinoma patients, respectively

Diagnostic Pathology volume 17, Article number: 27 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Introduction

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements, have been identified in approximately 2-7% of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, co-occurrence of double ALK fusions in one patient was rare. Herein, we reported two Chinese female LUAD patients with confirmed double ALK fusion variants by next generation sequencing.

Case presentation

Case 1, a 38-year-old female was diagnosed as peripheral LUAD in left upper lobe with synchronous multiple intrapulmonary metastases (pT2N0M1b, stage IVa). And case 2, a 58-year-old female had left lower lobe primary LUAD and synchronous multiple lung metastases (pT4N2M1b, stage IVa). In both patients, tumor cells displayed strong expression of ALK protein. Genetic profiling by next generation sequencing showed both patients concurrently harbored two types of ALK rearrangements. Case 1 had an unreported ALK-SSH2/EML4-ALK double fusions, and case 2 had an another novel ARID2-ALK/EML4‐ALK double fusions. Both of these patients responded to ALK inhibitor crizotinib.

Conclusions

Our study reported two novel ALK fusion partners never reported, which expands the knowledge of ALK fusion spectrum and provides insight into therapeutic options for patients with double ALK fusions.

Introduction

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement is a well-known driver present in 3–7% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients [1]. It create an oncogenic ALK tyrosine kinase, which activates many downstream signaling pathways, leading to increased cell proliferation and survival [2]. In addition, ALK rearrangement enriched in younger aged adenocarcinoma patients who never smoked or are light smokers. Up to date, various ALK fusion partners have been discovered, including EML4, KIF5B, KLC1, TFG, and others [3, 4]. Ongoing efforts also identified ALK fusions in other epithelial malignancies, such as CLIP1-ALK, KIF5B-ALK, and KIAA1217-ALKfusions in renal cell carcinoma [5], BABAM2-ALK fusion in gynecologic clear cell carcinomas [6], STRN-ALK, PPP1R21-ALK, and SENPF-ALK fusions in colorectal carcinoma [7], and STRN-ALK, and TPM1-ALK fusions in peritoneal mesothelioma [8]. With the popularity of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, more and more rare rearrangement types will be discovered. Application of ALK targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as crizotinib [9], ceritinib [10], alectinib [11], and brigatinib [12], have largely improved prognosis as well as life quality of ALK fusion-positive NSCLC patients.

Although novel ALK fusion variants have been occasionally reported in NSCLC, to our knowledge, the concomitance of double ALK fusion variants in the same lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patient was rare, by far, only 6 cases were reported, median age was 44 (range, 29–64 years). The majority of these patients were ever, or current smokers (4/5, 80%) (Table 1) [13,14,15,16,17,18]. Notably, different fusion partners can impact the response to ALK inhibition in patients with NSCLC [19, 20]. Limited evidence is available on the response to TKI treatment from patients with double ALK fusions. Here we reported two novel ALK fusion variants concurrently with EML4-ALK in two LUAD patients respectively (both were female and non-smoker), and both of the patients were sensitive to crizotinib treatment.

Table 1 Summary of the characteristics of patients with double ALK fusions reported in previous case reports
Full size table

Case report

Case 1

The patient was a 38-year-old Chinese female without a history of smoking. The timeline of her diagnosis and treatment was shown in Fig. 1 A and the detailed description was as follows. In 2008, during a routine physical examination in our hospital, chest radiography revealed a left lung shadow without defined diagnosis. In August 2012, a computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a mass in the upper lobe of the left lung with bilateral multiple intrapulmonary metastases (Fig. 1B). This patient underwent thoracoscopic left upper lobectomy on September 12th, 2012. Postoperative diagnosis showed left upper lung adenocarcinoma, pT2N0M1b, stage IVa (Fig. 2 A). Three months after surgery, from January 2013 to October 2013, she received pemetrexed plus cisplatin chemotherapy for 4 cycles, pemetrexed maintenance treatment for 4 cycles, and the diseases remained stable. Disease progressed ​with increased lung lesions in December 2013 (fourteen months after surgery) (Fig. 1 C). Subsequently, this patient received 2 cycles of chemotherapy of paclitaxel plus cisplatin. To seek more potential treatments, in December 2013, immunohistochemistry was performed in postoperative formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, and the tumor cells were positive for ALK D5F3 (Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Oro Valley, AZ, USA). Subsequently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) in a range of 76 cancer-related genes was performed in the FFPE specimen (DNA-based detection, Amoy Diagnostics, Xiamen, China). Revealing coexistence of double ALK fusion: EML4-ALK (E6:A20, MAF = 24.7%) and ALK-SSH2 (A19:S3, MAF = 0.85%) (Fig. 2B), which was further validated by another NGS 10 cancer‐related gene panel (RNA-based detection for fusion genes, Amoy Diagnostics, Xiamen, China), EML4-ALK ALK-SSH2 (E6:A20, MAF = 25.6%; A19:S3, MAF = 0.68%, respectively) (Fig. 2 C). This patient was treated with crizotinib (250 mg twice daily) staring from December 31th, 2013. Chest CT scan after one-month treatment indicated a partial response (PR) to crizotinib (Fig. 1D). Dosage of crizotinib was gradually de-escalated to 250 mg once a day in the following 2 months due to increased myocardial enzyme, and the lesions continued to shrink (Fig. 1E). After 2 months of targeted therapy, in March 2014, chest CT showed that the lesion in the left lung was slightly enlarged, and the metastasis in both lungs had no obvious change from the last time (Fig. 1 F). However, crizotinib was discontinued on April 7th, 2014 due to treatment-related adverse events, such as myocardial damage, gastrointestinal reactions, and visual disturbance. This patient died in September 2014 attributing to disease progressing, and having attained an overall survival of 24.9 months.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Timeline of the case 1’s disease from diagnosis to death (A). Chest computed tomography (CT) scans at diagnosis (B), and after 2 cycles of Cisplatin + Paclitaxel (C), subsequent chest CT scans performed 1 month (D), 2 months (E) and 3 months (F) after initiation of crizotinib treatment

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Fig. 2
figure 2

Pathological examination and schematic diagram of ALK rearrangement of case 1. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the left upper lobe revealed adenocarcinoma (× 400). (B) A breakpoint within ALK (shown in blue) intron 19 at chromosome 2 was fused within SSH2 (shown in red) intron 2 at chromosome 17, giving rise to the ALK-SSH2 fusion gene. (C) A breakpoint within ALK (shown in blue) intron 19 at chromosome 2 was fused within EML4 (shown in red) intron 6 at chromosome 2, but have opposite orientations, giving rise to the EML4-ALK fusion gene

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Case 2

This patient was a 58-year-old Chinese female with no history of smoking. The timeline of her diagnosis and treatment was shown in Fig. 3 A and the detailed description was as follows. She was referred to our hospital in June 2014, complaining of breath shortness. A chest CT scan revealed a mass (4.5 × 3.0 × 3.0 cm) in the left lower lobe with bulky swollen mediastinal and multiple nodules in bilateral lung lobes (Fig. 3B). On July 11th, 2014, this patient underwent left lower lobectomy with multifocal resection. Pathological diagnosis indicated a typical lung adenocarcinoma (pT4N2M1b, stage IVa) (Fig. 4 A). Immunohistochemistry of ALK D5F3 (Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Oro Valley, AZ, USA) was positive (Fig. 4B). A NGS analysis to the FFPE specimen using a 76 cancer-related gene panel (DNA-based detection, Amoy Diagnostics, Xiamen, China) revealed a double ALK fusion: EML4-ALK ARID2-ALK (E20:A20, 0.99% abundance; and A12:A23, 1.67% abundance) (Fig. 4 C), which was confirmed by another NGS 10 cancer‐related gene panel (RNA-based detection for fusion genes, Amoy Diagnostics, Xiamen, China), the results also showed a double ALK fusion: EML4-ALK ARID2-ALK (E20:A20, 0.81% abundance; and A12:A23, 1.09% abundance) (Fig. 4D). The patient was treated with crizotinib 250 mg twice daily in July 31th, 2014 (20 days after surgery), the disease was progressed​ with meningeal metastasis after 12 months’ treatment duration (Fig. 3 C). Unfortunately, she was unable to receive any further treatment due to financial issue. Finally, the patient died in June 28th, 2016, having attained an overall survival of 23.9 months.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Timeline of the case 2’s disease from diagnosis to death (A). Chest computed tomography (CT) scans at diagnosis (B), and brain magnetic resonance imaging images at baseline (upper panel) and after crizotinib treatment (lower panel) (C). The yellow arrow indicates a new meningeal metastasis lesion

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Fig. 4
figure 4

Pathological examination, immunostaining of ALK in postoperative tumor tissue and schematic diagram of ALK rearrangement of case 2. (A) H&E staining of the left lower lobe revealed adenocarcinoma (×400). (B) Immunostaining for ALK D5F3 with strong granular cytoplasmic staining (×200). (C) A breakpoint within ALK (shown in blue) intron 22 at chromosome 2 was fused within ARID2 (shown in red) intron 12 at chromosome 12, giving rise to the ARID2-ALK fusion gene. (D) A breakpoint within ALK (shown in blue) intron 19 at chromosome 2 was fused within EML4 (shown in red) intron 20 at chromosome 2, but have opposite orientations, giving rise to the EML4-ALK fusion gene

Full size image

Discussion

ALK gene rearrangement is an important driving oncogene in NSCLC. Several different forms of ALK fusions have been reported, including EML4-ALK, the most common ALK fusion in NSCLC, which contains the 5’ end of EML4 fused to the entire ALK kinase domain and leads to constitutive ligand independent kinase activation [1]. However, the patients who harbor double ALK fusion variants are extremely rare. Few investigations have focused on the concomitance of double ALK rearrangements because of the low incidence. According to our literature search results, only Six cases have been previously reported, including CCNY-ALK, and ATIC-ALK [13], NLRC4-ALK, and EML4‐ALK [14], PRKCB‐ALK and EML4‐ALK [15], EML4‐ALK and BCL11A‐ALK[16], EML6-ALK, and FBXO11-ALK [17], as well as DYSF‐ALK and ITGAV‐ALK [18]. ALK‐TKIs have been widely used for ALK‐positive patients, but the responses are heterogeneous for patient with different ALK fusions. The clinical‐pathological characteristics and the response to ALK‐TKIs of such patients with double fusion variants remain unclear, the effectiveness of ALK‐TKI treatment might be affected by the two kinds of ALK mutations exist simultaneously in one patient. Here, we identified two novel double ALK fusion variants in two LUAD patients respectively, both patients were non-smoking female, one was 38 years old and the other was 58 years old at the time of diagnosis.

Previous reports confirmed that patients with double ALK fusion may respond to crizotinib [14,15,16,17,18]. In this report, the patients with double ALK fusions were also sensitive to crizotinib, and two novel ALK fusions: ALK-SSH2 and ARID2-ALK were detected. Case 1 was diagnosed at advanced stage and received multiline chemotherapy, without condition improvement; instead, bone metastases developed. Except EML4-ALK, ALK-SSH2 was uncovered. Slingshot 2 (SSH2) belongs to a gene family of three members (SSH1, SSH2, and SSH3), it has been shown to control some essential cellular processes, including invasion, migration, and motility [21]. In ALK-SSH2 fusion, the fusion point falls into intron 2 of SSH2 and the promoter region was retained. As for ALK, the entire intracellular kinase domain was retained. And it is well known that the fusion leading to constitutive kinase activation can be a powerful driving force for oncogenesis. Thus, it is speculated that the concomitance of ALK-SSH2 fusion maybe one of the reasons for sensitivity to crizotinib. Case 2 with another novel ALK fusion variant, ARID2-ALK, was presented a SD to crizotinib for about 1 year, and progressed with meningeal metastasis. ARID2 encode nuclear proteins containing a DNA-binding domain called AT‐rich interaction domain (ARID domain), and is implicated in chromatin remodeling. ARID2 was found mutated in hepatocellular carcinoma [22], melanoma [23] and lung carcinoma [24]. Given that the mutation abundance of EML4-ALK was very low (less than 1%), so it is speculated that the coexistence of ARID2-ALK fusion maybe one of the reasons for response to crizotinib in this patient.

The most common adverse events in clinical trials with crizotinib were visual disorders, nausea–vomiting, diarrhea, edema, and elevated transaminases [25]. Due to the increasing clinical experience with crizotinib, other toxicities are emerging, such as QT interval prolongation, bradycardia, hypogonadism, renal impairment, renal cysts and hypersensitivity [26,27,28,29]. The treatment-related adverse events that occurred in case 1 had been reported in aforementioned clinical trials. After reducing the drug dose, grade 1-2 adverse events including diarrhea and visual disturbance were all alleviated. Unfortunately, crizotinib treatment was eventually stopped due to un-tolerable adverse events in case 1, mainly because of the myocardial damage.

Case 2 remained stable during crizotinib treatment, but brain metastasis occurred after 1 year of treatment. As a drive gene mutation, ALK gene rearrangement accounts approximately 7% of all cases of NSCLC. And these patients achieve prolonged PFS when treated with crizotinib, a first-generation ALK-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor. However, most patients experience tumor recurrence within 1 year after crizotinib therapy. Moreover, brain metastasis, which remains a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality, is the most common type of recurrence [30, 31].

In this study, both patients responded to crizotinib treatment. The first patient gave up the treatment due to intolerable treatment-related adverse events, while the second patient occurred brain metastasis after one year of treatment, and also gave up the follow-up due to economic reasons. Since there were no specific research results to support, we can only speculate that coexistence of double ALK fusion may be related to the occurrence of serious adverse events or drug resistance.

There are some limitations in our present study. First, the case 2 did not receive subsequent treatment such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which might have an impact on her overall survival. Second, the biological function of ALK-SSH2 and ARID2-ALK should be further investigated using cell lines and animal models after molecular manipulation of ALK-SSH2 and ARID2-ALK.

In conclusion, this study is described two novel EML4-ALK ALK-SSH2, and EML4-ALK ARID2-ALK double ALK fusion variants LUAD patients. And the curative effect of crizotinib in the treatment of these patients provided a certain reference for the patients with such gene alterations. In addition, the NGS assay provides a reliable diagnostic tool for the detection of novel fusion partner genes for ALK-rearranged in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all the investigators and patients in this study.

Funding

This research was supported by Science and Technology Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission (No. 11620196).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China

    Hong Tao, Zhe Liu & Liang Shi

  2. Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Tuberculosis, Beijing, China

    Jing Mu

  3. Department of Medical Business, Amoy Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Xiamen, China

    Fei Gai & Zhan Huang

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Contributions

Hong Tao, Zhe Liu, Jing Mu, and Liang Shi managed and treated the patient; Hong Tao, Fei Gai and Zhan Huang wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Liang Shi.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University in December 2011. Informed consent was granted from the two patients’ next of kin to publish the present data as a case report.

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Fei Gai and Zhan Huang were employed by Amoy Diagnostics Co., Ltd. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

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Tao, H., Liu, Z., Mu, J. et al. Concomitant novel ALK-SSH2, EML4-ALK and ARID2-ALK, EML4-ALK double-fusion variants and confer sensitivity to crizotinib in two lung adenocarcinoma patients, respectively. Diagn Pathol 17, 27 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-022-01212-9

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Keywords

Diagnostic Pathology

ISSN: 1746-1596

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